Squamous cell carcinoma implantation in gastrostomy orifice. Case report / Implantação de carcinoma espinocelular em orifício de gastrostomia. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is used to provide enteral nutritional support for patients with obstructive oropharyngeal or esophageal neoplasms. The placement of the catheter is considered safe, with few complications. Despite this, a specific complication that is considered rare, has been increasingly described in the literature, i.e., metastasis of head and neck cancer in the gastrostomy stoma. In this report, we described a case of metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx in the gastrostomy site, and discussed the possible etiologies and alternatives, seeking to reduce the incidence of this complication.

RESUMO A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é utilizada para oferecer suporte nutricional enteral para pacientes com neoplasias obstrutivas de orofaringe ou esôfago. A colocação da sonda é considerada segura, com poucas complicações. Apesar disso, uma complicação em particular, considerada rara, está sendo cada vez mais descrita na literatura: a metástase de neoplasia de cabeça e pescoço para o estoma da gastrostomia. Neste relato, descrevemos um caso de metástase de carcinoma espinocelular de laringe para o sítio da gastrostomia, e discutimos as possíveis etiologias e alternativas, buscando diminuir a incidência desta complicação.

Elementary screening of lymph node metastatic-related genes in gastric cancer based on the co-expression network of messenger RNA, microRNA and long non-coding RNA

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The high mortality might be attributed to delay in detection and is closely related to lymph node metastasis. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore the mechanism of lymph node metastasis and find strategies to block GC metastasis. Messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression data and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A total of 908 differentially expressed factors with variance >0.5 including 542 genes, 42 miRNA, and 324 lncRNA were screened using significant analysis microarray algorithm, and interaction networks were constructed using these differentially expressed factors. Furthermore, we conducted functional modules analysis in the network, and found that yellow and turquoise modules could separate samples efficiently. The groups classified in the yellow and turquoise modules had a significant difference in survival time, which was verified in another independent GC mRNA dataset (GSE62254). The results suggested that differentially expressed factors in the yellow and turquoise modules may participate in lymph node metastasis of GC and could be applied as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for GC.

Multiple cutaneous melanomas associated with gastric and brain metastases

Abstract The occurrence of multiple primary melanomas in a single individual is rare. Most commonly, malignant melanocytic lesions subsequent to the initial diagnosis of melanoma are secondary cutaneous metastases. We report a patient with gastrointestinal bleeding from gastric metastasis of cutaneous melanoma. During clinical evaluation and staging, we discovered a brain metastasis associated with 3 synchronous primary cutaneous melanomas. We suggest the research on the mutation in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) (INK4a) in such cases. We also emphasize the importance of clinical examination and dermoscopy of the entire tegument, even after a malignant melanocytic lesion is identified.

Breast cancer metastasis in the stomach: when the gastrectomy is indicated? / Metástases gástricas de câncer de mama: quando a gastrectomia está indicada?

ABSTRACT Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in the female population. However, stomach is a rare site for metastasis, and can show up many years after initial diagnosis and treatment of the primary tumor. Aim: Analyze a case series of this tumor and propose measures that can diagnose it with more precocity. Methods: Were analyzed 12 patients with secondary gastric tumors. Immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that primary tumor was breast cancer. We retrieved information of age, histological type, interval between diagnosis of the primary breast cancer and its metastases, immunohistochemistry results, treatment and survival. Results: The mean age was 71.3 years (ranging 40-86). Ten cases had already been underwent mastectomy in the moment of the diagnosis of gastric metastasis. Two patients had diagnosis of both primary and secondary tumors concomitantly. At average, diagnosis of gastric metastasis was seven years after diagnosis of primary breast cancer (ranging 0-13). Besides, nine cases had also metastases in other organs, being bones the most affected ones. Immunohistochemistry of the metastases has shown positivity for CK7 antibody in 83.34%, estrogen receptor in 91.67%, progesterone receptor in 66.67% and AE1AE3 antibody in 75%, considering all 12 cases. Moreover, CK20 was absent significantly (66.67%). The positivity of BRST2 marker did not present statistical significance (41.67%). Eight cases were treated with chemotherapy associated or not with hormonal blockade. Surgical treatment of gastric metastasis was performed in four cases: three of them with total gastrectomy and one with distal gastrectomy. Follow-up has shown a mean survival of 14.58 months after diagnosis of metastasis, with only two patients still alive. Conclusion: Patients with a history of breast cancer presenting endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancer it is necessary to consider the possibility of gastric metastasis of breast cancer. The confirmation is by immunohistochemistry and gastrectomy should be oriented in the absence of other secondary involvement and control of the primary lesion.

RESUMO Racional: A neoplasia de mama é o tumor maligno mais comum na população feminina tendo o trato gastrointestinal, e mais especificamente o estômago, como local incomum para metástases. Objetivo: Analisar uma série de casos com esse tumor e propor medidas que possam diagnosticá-lo com maior precocidade. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente 12 pacientes com diagnóstico de neoplasia gástrica secundária a câncer de mama, confirmado por biópsia e imunoistoquímica. Foram analisados idade do diagnóstico, tipo histológico do tumor primário, intervalo de tempo entre o diagnóstico do tumor e a metástase, tratamento e sobrevida. Resultados: A idade média foi de 71,3 anos (40-86 anos). Em média, o diagnóstico da metástase gástrica foi de sete anos após o diagnóstico da lesão primaria (0-13 anos). Nove casos tiveram metástases em outros órgãos, sendo os ossos os locais mais acometidos. Evidenciou-se positividade de anticorpo CK7 em 90,9% casos, receptor de estrógeno em 91,67%, receptor de progesterona em 66,67% e BRST2 em 41,67%. A ausência de CK20 foi de 88,89%. Oito casos foram tratados com quimioterapia associada ou não ao bloqueio hormonal e em quatro foi indicada ressecção cirúrgica sendo em três gastrectomia total e em um caso gastrectomia subtotal. A sobrevida média foi de 14,58 meses. Conclusões: Em doentes com história prévia de câncer de mama apresentando diagnóstico endoscópico de neoplasia gástrica, é necessário considerar a possibilidade de metástase. A confirmação é feita por estudo imunoistoquímico e a gastrectomia deve ser orientada diante da ausência de outros locais de acometimento secundário e controle da lesão primária.

Metástasis gástricas: un hallazgo no solo de autopsias / [Gastric metastases: not only identified at autopsies].

Metastases to the stomach from an extra-digestive neoplasm are an unusual event, identified in less than 2

of cancer patients at autopsy (between 1.7

). The stomach may be involved by hematogenous spread from a distant primary tumor (most commonly lung, breast and melanoma). Tumors of neighboring organs, such as esophagus, pancreas and gallbladder, may reach the stomach by continuity or by lymphatic-hematogenous spread. Endoscopic routine studies with biopsies have improved the diagnosis of this pathology. Nevertheless, in some cases the histologic study is a false negative because the neoplasia can be placed in the deepest layers of the stomach. We report the case of a 56-year-old man who presented a gastric metastasis of a high gradeuro thelial carcinoma of urinary bladder and we review the literature.

Relación entre tipo histológico y la localización del adenocarcinoma gástrico en el Hospital Rebagliati / Relationship between histologic type and location of gastric adenocarcinoma in the Rebagliati Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe evidencia epidemiológica que sugiere la asociación entre un tipo histológico y la localización del adenocarcinoma gástrico. Sabiendo que existe un predominio de infección por Helicobacter pylori en la región antral y ésta es considerada como un factor ambiental, es válido sospechar la existencia de una relación entre el tipo histológico intestinal y la localización distal. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la relación entre el tipo histológico y la localización del cáncer gástrico, utilizando la clasificación propuesta por la Asociación Japonesa de Cáncer Gástrico y la clasificación propuesta por Lauren. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: durante el periodo de Enero 2007 a Diciembre 2010, 460 pacientes con diagnostico probado de adenocarcinoma admitidos en el Servicio especializado de Cirugía de Estómago del Hospital Rebagliati parta tratamiento quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: El sexo femenino fue más frecuente en el tipo difuso (39 por ciento vs 33 por ciento; p: 0,153), la media de edad en el tipo intestinal es mayor al tipo difuso (70,7 vs 62,6 años; p<0,001). Existe asociación entre el tipo histológico pobremente diferenciado con la localización proximal (22 por ciento vs 12,7 por ciento; p: 0,009), el tipo de células en anillo de sello con la localización media (50 por ciento vs 32,5 por ciento; p: 0,006), el tubular con la localización distal (57,6 por ciento vs 42,8 por ciento; p: 0,002), el tipo intestinal con la localización distal (58,3 por ciento vs 44,1 por ciento; p: 0,004), y el difuso con la localización proximal (19,3 por ciento vs 12,5 por ciento; p: 0,049). CONCLUSIÓN: Los adenocarcinomas de tipo diferenciado ó de tipo intestinal están asociados con la localización distal. Los pobremente diferenciados y con células en anillo de sello se asocian con la localización proximal y media respectivamente.

INTRODUCTION: There is epidemiologic evidence that suggest the relation between the histological type and location of gastric adenocarcinoma. Knowing that there is a predominance of Helicobacter pylori infection in the antral region and this is considered an environmental factor; make us suppose that there is a relation among intestinal type and distal location. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the relation among histological type and location of gastric cancer, using the Lauren classification and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association classification. METHOD: During the period between January 1st 2007 and December 31th 2010, 460 patients with the proven diagnostic of adenocarcinoma were admitted for surgical treatment at the gastric cancer specialized ward of Rebagliati National Hospital, Lima, Peru. RESULTS: Female was more frequent in diffuse type (39 percent vs. 33 percent; p: 0,153), the mean age among intestinal type is greater than diffuse type (70,7 vs. 62,6 años; p<0,001). There is association among poorly differentiated with upper location (22 percent vs. 12,7 percent; p = 0,009), signet cell with middle location (50 percent vs. 32,5 percent; p: 0,006), tubular type with distal location (57,6 percent vs. 42,8 percent; p: 0,002), intestinal type with distal location (58,3 percent vs. 44,1 percent; p: 0,004), and diffuse type with upper location (19,3 percent vs. 12,5 percent; p: 0,049). CONCLUSION: Adenocarcinomas histologically differentiated or intestinal type are associated with distal location. Poorly differentiated type and signet ring cell type are associated with upper and middle location respectively.

Cáncer gástrico sin compromiso ganglionar linfático (pN0): características demográfico-patológicas y factores pronósticos / Prognostic factors for gastric cancer without lymph node involvement

Background: The absence of lymph node involvement (N0) in gastric cancer is associated with a better survival. However some N0 gastric tumors still have a bad prognosis. Aim: To study demographic and morphological variables associated with prognosis in N0 gastric carcinoma. Material and Methods: Review of pathologica records of a regional general hospital, identifying patients with a N0 gastric cancer surgically excised between 1986 and 2003. Results: In the study period, 459 gastrectomies were performed for gastric cancer and in 32 percent, the tumor was devoid of lymph node involvement. These later patients were followed for a median of 64 months with a 71 percent fve years actuarial survival. Bivariate analysis identifed age, tumor size, gastric wallinfiltration, pathological type according to Lauren and Ming, lymphovascular involvement, number of lymph nodes excised and TNM stage as prognostic values Multivariate analysis disclosed the level of gastric wallinfiltration, the presence of a poorly differentiated tumor, lymphatic vascular involvement, number of excise lymph nodes and tumor size as independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: N0 gastric tumors are found in 32 percent of gastrectomies for gastric cancer and have a 71 percent fve years actuarial survival. Gastric wallinfiltration, pathological degree of differentiation tumor size and lymphovascular involvement are independent prognostic factors.

Prognostic factors in gastric cancer using log-normal censored regression model.

Background & objectives: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. It is rarely detected early, and the prognosis remains poor. Cox proportional hazard model is used to examine the relationship between survival and covariates. Parametric survival models such as log normal regression model can also be used for this analysis. We used log normal regression model in this study to evaluate prognostic factors in gastric cancer and compared with Cox model. Methods: We retrospectively studied the 746 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer admitted in a referral hospital in Tehran, Iran, from February 2003 through January 2007. Age at diagnosis, sex, extent of wall penetration, histology type, tumour grade, tumour size, pathologic stage, lymph node metastasis and presence of metastasis were entered into a log normal model. Hazard rate (HR) was employed to interpret the risk of death and the results were compared with Cox regression. The AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) was employed to compare the efficiency of models. Results: Univariate analysis indicated that with increasing age the risk of death increased significantly in both log normal and Cox models. Patients with grater tumour size were also in higher risk of death followed by those with poorly differentiated and moderately differentiated in tumour grade and advanced pathologic stage. The presence of metastasis was significant prognostic factor only in log normal analysis. In final multivariate model, age was still a significant prognostic factor in Cox regression but it was not significant in log normal model. Presence of metastasis followed by histology type were other prognostic features found significant in log normal results. Based on AIC, log normal model performed better than Cox. Interpretation & conclusion: Our results suggest that early detection of patients in younger age and in primary stages and grade of tumour could be important to decrease the risk of death in patients with gastric cancer. Comparison between Cox and log normal models indicated that log normal regression model can be a useful statistical model to find prognostic factors instead of Cox.

Cáncer renal y metástasis gástrica: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Renal cell carcinoma and gastric metastases: a case report and review of the literature

Objetivo: La metástasis gástrica del carcinoma de células renales es excepcional. Nosotros realizamos a una revisión de la literatura y presentamos un caso clínico. Métodos/Resultados: Varón de 62 años de edad, que se presenta con un tumor renal y metástasis gástrica detectados en una tomografía computada. Se realiza una nefrectomía radical más gastrectomía parcial. El paciente desarrolla metástasis progresivas y fallece siete meses más tarde. La revisión de la literatura revela que las metástasis gástricas producto de un carcinoma de células renales son excepcionales. Los casos reportados son principalmente detectados durante el seguimiento posterior a una nefrectomía, y generalmente asociados a una diseminación tumoral a otros órganos. El sangrado gastrointestinal como forma de presentación inicial del cáncer es muy infrecuente. El tratamiento consiste usualmente en manejo endoscópico del sangrado dado lo avanzado de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Las metástasis gástricas en los pacientes con carcinoma de células renales son un evento tardío en el curso de la enfermedad, y el pronóstico es generalmente pobre.

Objective: Gastric metastases from renal cell carcinoma are exceptional. We reviewed the literature on this subject and present a case report. Method and Results: A 62 year old male patient presented with a renal tumor and a gastric metastasis detected on computed tomography. A radical nephrectomy and partial gastrectomy was performed. The patient developed progressive metastatic disease and died seven months later. Review of the literature shows that gastric metastases from renal cell carcinoma are exceptional. Cases reported are mainly detected during follow up after nephrectomy, generally associated with tumor spread to other organs. A gastrointestinal bleeding as a presenting sign of the cancer is very uncommon. Treatment usually consists in local endoscopic therapy to control the bleeding, due to advanced disease. Conclusions: Gastric metastases in patients with renal carcinoma are a late event in the course of the disease, and the outcome is generally poor.

Metástase gástrica de câncer de mama: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Gastric metastases in primary breast cancer: case report and literature review

Introdução: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais incidente no sexo feminino com 48.930 novos casos estimados em 2006, no Brasil. Os principais sítios de metástases são: ossos, pele, linfonodos, pulmões, pleura, fígado ecérebro. Metástases gástricas são raras e pouco citadas na literatura, sendo o câncer de mama o segundo principalresponsável. À endoscopia digestiva alta, apresentam-se mais comumente sob a forma de infiltração intramural difusa, assemelhando-se à linite plástica, e predominam em tumores do tipo lobular. A comparação histológica dos espécimes é obrigatória, porém a imunoistoquímica também pode ser útil. O prognóstico é ruim, visto que adoença metastática raramente se restringe ao estômago. O tratamento é paliativo e inclui quimioterapia, terapia hormonal e radioterapia. Relato de caso: Paciente com câncer de mama em tratamento adjuvante com anastrozol apresentou-se ao serviço com queixa de plenitude gástrica e emagrecimento. Havia massa endurecida em epigástrio,dolorosa à palpação profunda. Ao exame endoscópico, observou-se lesão infiltrante, comprometendo o fundo e metade proximal do corpo gástrico. Foi verificado carcinoma ductal com áreas secretoras de muco e células em anel de sinete metastático para o estômago; CK7 positivo, CK20 e receptor hormonal negativos. Sem evidência de doença em outros focos, a paciente foi tratada com seis ciclos de docetaxel, obtendo-se resposta patológica gástrica completa. Discussão: Apesar de rara, a metástase gástrica é causa de considerável morbidade em pacientes com câncer de mama e pode responder ao tratamento sistêmico apropriado.

Tumor de Krukenberg tubular / Tubular Krukenberg tumor

El tumor de Krukenberg tubular es una variante bien caracterizada del tumor de Krukenberg. Se presenta el caso del tumor más grande hasta ahora descrito en la literatura mundial, el cual afectó a una mujer embarazada de 35 años de edad. Aunque no existen diferencias clínicas o biológicas entre las variantes clásicas y tubulares del tumor de Krukenberg, la imagen microscópica merece atención especial, ya que esta última puede imitar a los tumores de Sertoli-Leydig del ovario. Por esta razón, se hacen necesarias, por un lado, la búsqueda intencionada de células en ®anillo de sello¼ y, por el otro, efectuar tinciones especiales para moco y distinguir así con certeza uno de otro. El término tubular debe utilizarse en casos como éste, ya que, independientemente de su disposición morfológica ®tubular¼, por lo demás corresponde a la descripción original de Krukenberg

Gastric metastasis of melanoma

We present a case of gastric metastasis, leading to chronic bleeding in a patient already submitted to surgery for a malignant melanoma of the lip. In view of the good clinical conditions, a subtotal gastrectomy as palliative treatment was performed. We discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this rare clinical situation

Metastatic involvement of the stomach secondary to lung carcinoma

Blood-borne metastatic involvement of the stomach by cancer is a rare entity. According to the number of reports in the literature, the most common tumors that spread to the stomach through the blood stream are malignant melanoma, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma. Recently, two cases of metastatic involvement of the stomach secondary to lung carcinoma were diagnosed by gastroscopy. The first patient was a 66-year-old man who had primary lung carcinoma with multiple bone and subcutaneous metastases. Gastroscopy showed multiple submucosal tumors with central umbilications in the fundus and in the upper body of the stomach. Pathologic examination revealed massive submucosal infiltration and conical shaped and scanty deep mucosal infiltration of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma suggestive of metastatic involvement. The second patient was a 68-year-old man who had primary lung carcinoma with brain metastasis. Gastroscopy showed a large fungating mass in the greater curvature side of the stomach. Pathologic examination revealed poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. We report the two cases of metastatic gastric cancer from lung carcinoma with the literature review.

Cáncer del muñón gástrico / Cancer of the gastric stump

Se define los cánceres del muñón gástrico como aquellos originados en el estómago remanente de pacientes operados por enfermedad benigna y por lo menos 10 años antes. Presentamos la experiencia en el tratamiento de carcinomas de muñón gástrico. La serie se compone de 14 pacientes, hombres, operados en promedio 20,8 años antes; 10 de ellos por úlcera gástrica y 4 por úlcera duodenal. Se estudiaron radiológica y endoscópicamente haciéndose el diagnóstico preoperatoriamente en 13. Todos los pacientes fueron seguidos con sobrevidas variables. El principal factor etiopatogénico mencionado es el reflujo biliointestinal en un medio hipoclorhídrico. Destacamos el avanzado estado clínico en que se diagnosticaron estos pacientes, las dificultades técnicas frecuentes encontradas dadas por el fenómeno adherencial e infiltrativo. Creemos que debe intentarse la resección en bloque. Dada la alta frecuencia nacional de cáncer gástrico se aconseja un seguimiento radiológico y endoscópico periódico de los pacientes con muñones gástricos, especialmente los sintomáticos, operados a edad temprana y en el período posterior al décimo años postoperatorio

Tumores malignos de la pared torácica / Malignant tumors of the thoracic wall

Se presentan 19 casos de tumores de pared torácica de distinta estirpe histológica tratados entre 1975 y 1989. Se incluyen de la clasificación los originados en piel, pleura, mama por presentar éstas características particulares que los diferencian. Sobre un total de 19 casos, 9 pertenecen a partes blandas y 10 al esqueleto torácico. Se describen las dificultades para clasificarlos por la variedad de sus características histopatológicas, se comentan aspectos del diagnóstico y se proponen los procedimientos para su tratamiento quirúrgico, que incluye la resección amplia y la reconstrucción del plano esquelético, con reparación protésica, de ser necesario

Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of patients with deep seated metastatic and recurrent malignancies

La biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina esta actualmente aceptada como una técnica diagnóstica segura y confiable. En los pacientes que se presentan con enfermedad metastática diseminada de origin desconocido puede jugar un papel importante aportando un diagnóstico certero y rápido. Brindando de esta forma la oportundad de iniciar un plan terapéutico rápidamente. Esta técnica usualmente se puede realizar sin necesidad de hospitalizar al paciente con lo cual se logra reducir los costos tanto para el paciente como para el hospital. En los casos en que se llega a un diagnóstico definitivo se logra también evitarle una cirugía innecesaria al paciente. Este artículo presenta varios casos ilustrativos en los que se llegó a un diagnóstico final mediante el uso de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina

Gastric metastases from esophageal cancer.

Gastric metastases from esophageal cancer are seldom diagnosed antemortem. Two patients who had endoscopically detected gastric metastases from esophageal cancer are reported. One patient had a metastasis developing 6 months after radiation therapy; the other developed metastasis after surgical resection of the primary tumor.